Curcuma domestica pdf

Curcumin termasuk golongan senyawa polifenol dengan struktur kimia mirip asam ferulat yang banyak digunakan sebagai penguat rasa pada industri makanan Pan et al. Curcumin tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam etanol atau dimetilsulfoksida DMSO.

Degradasi Curcumin tergantung pada pH dan berlangsung lebih cepat pada kondisi netral-basa Aggarwal et al. Curcumin dapat mengganggu siklus sel kanker paru A dan menekan pertumbuhan sel. Efek penekanan tergantung pada konsentrasi. Efek tidak hanya bergantung dari sitotoksik nonspesifik, tetapi juga dari induksi apoptosis Zhang, et al. Aktivitas antikanker Curcumin telah banyak diteliti menggunakan berbagai pendekatan pada berbagai jenis kanker baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo.

Curcumin dapat dikembangkan sebagai obat antikanker yang poten. Aktivitas antikanker Curcumin dikaitkan dengan kemampuannya sebagai penghambat COX maupun pada jalur signaling sel, baik melalui pemacuan apoptosis maupun cell cycle arrest dengan mempengaruhi produk gen penekan tumor maupun onkogen Meiyanto, Oxidative stress has been implicated in many chronic diseases, and its pathological processes are closely related to those of inflammation, in that one can be easily induced by another.

In fact, it is known that inflammatory cells liberate a number of reactive species at the site of inflammation leading to oxidative stress, which demonstrates the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation [ 28 ].

Inflammation has been identified in the development of many chronic diseases and conditions [ 10 , 19 , 29 , 30 ]. Curcumin has also been shown to suppress inflammation through many different mechanisms beyond the scope of this review, thereby supporting its mechanism of action as a potential anti-inflammatory agent [ 10 ].

One such disease associated with inflammation, both chronic and acute, is osteoarthritis OA , a chronic joint condition. It affects over million people worldwide, leading to increased healthcare costs, impairment in activities of daily living ADL , and ultimately decreased quality of life [ 31 , 32 ].

Although OA was once considered primarily a degenerative and non-inflammatory condition, it is now recognized as having inflammatory aspects, including elevated cytokine levels, as well as potentially being connected with systemic inflammation [ 33 , 34 ]. While there is no cure, there are several pharmaceutical options for treatment; however, many are costly and have undesirable side effects. Therefore, there is increased interest in alternative treatments including dietary supplements and herbal remedies [ 35 ].

Several studies have shown the anti-arthritic effects of curcumin in humans with OA and rheumatoid arthritis RA [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. There was also a decrease in systemic oxidative stress, as measured via serum activities of SOD and concentrations of reduced GSH and malonedialdehyde MDA , in subjects receiving the treatment as compared to the placebo [ 11 ].

These improvements were not associated with changes in circulating cytokines. The authors suggest that the lack of changes in circulating cytokines, despite improvements in pain, may be because in OA, inflammatory markers in the synovial fluid may be more likely elevated than systemic markers, whereas in RA, systemic markers may be more likely to be increased.

Therefore, they suggest that is more plausible that the beneficial effects of curcuminoids in OA are because of local anti-inflammatory effects rather than systemic effects. In addition, the time period of supplementation may not have been long enough.

This study had both groups maintaining standard care, which does not address the question of whether or not supplementation with curcumin can be used instead of standard management such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDS. The mean of all WOMAC scores at weeks 0, 2, and 4 showed significant improvement when compared with the baseline in both groups. This was supported by results from a pilot study showing that a dose of 2 g of curcumin had an analgesic effect in subjects with acute pain but without a diagnosis of OA.

At this dose, the activity was higher than that associated with mg of acetaminophen, while a lower dose 1. The analgesic effect of the dose achieved significance only 2 h after administration, similar to that observed for acetaminophen. In contrast, the NSAID was more rapidly acting, with the strongest pain relief being reported one hour after administration but with significant gastrointestinalsymptoms.

This supports the use of 2 g higher than needed for inflammation curcumin for relief of pain as a potential alternative to NSAIDS [ 41 ]. The idea that curcumin can attenuate systemic inflammation has implications beyond arthritis, as systemic inflammation has been associated with many conditions affecting many systems. One such condition is Metabolic syndrome MetS , which includes insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C , elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C , elevated triglyceride levels, and obesity, especially visceral obesity.

Curcumin has been shown to attenuate several aspects of MetS by improving insulin sensitivity [ 43 , 44 ], suppressing adipogenesis [ 45 ], and reducing elevated blood pressure [ 46 ], inflammation [ 47 ], and oxidative stress [ 48 , 49 ].

In addition, there is evidence that curcuminoids modulate the expression of genes and the activity of enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism that lead to a reduction in plasma triglycerides and cholesterol [ 50 , 51 , 52 ] and elevate HDL-C concentrations [ 53 ]. Both overweight and obesity are linked to chronic low-grade inflammation; although the exact mechanisms are not clear, it is known that pro-inflammatory cytokines are released.

These cytokines are thought to be at the core of the complications associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, addressing inflammation is important. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a parallel-group design, subjects with MetS received either 1 g curcumin plus 10 mg piperine to increase absorption or a placebo plus 10 mg piperine for eight weeks.

Apart from IL-6, changes in other parameters remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders, including changes in serum lipids and glucose levels, as well as the baseline serum concentration of the cytokines. The results of this study suggest that curcumin supplementation significantly decreases serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in subjects with MetS [ 11 ]. In addition, the study looked at the cholesterol-lowering properties and found that curcuminoids were more effective than the placebo in reducing serum LDL-C, non-HDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein a Lp a , in addition to elevating HDL-C concentrations.

However, changes in serum LDL-C levels were found to be comparable between the study groups. The effects of curcuminoids on triglycerides, non-HDL-C, total cholesterol, and Lp a remained significant after adjustment for baseline values of lipids and body mass index [ 54 ].

From the same study, the authors also reported markers of oxidative stress. Their secondary purpose was to perform a meta-analysis of data from all randomized controlled trials in order to estimate the effect size of curcuminoids on plasma CRP concentrations. Quantitative data synthesis revealed a significant effect of curcuminoids vs. Curcuminoids could therefore be regarded as natural, safe, and effective CRP-lowering agents [ 55 ]. Inflammatory cytokines were also measured in the above study.

In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial, 36 obese adults received either 1 g curcumin and 10 mg piperine or a placebo for 30 days followed by a two-week washout period, after which they received the other treatment.

A significant reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations was observed, but the treatment did not have a significant influence on serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein hs-CRP concentrations, nor on body mass index BMI and body fat.

The authors suggest that the short supplemental period, lack of control of diet, and the low supplemental dose may explain why these results conflict previous reports [ 50 ]. To date, the majority of curcumin studies in humans have been in populations with existing health problems. Perhaps this is because studies on healthy people can be challenging in that benefits may not be as immediate and measurable if biomarkers are normal at baseline. Therefore, following subjects over time may provide the best insight into any potential health benefits in healthy people, although such studies can be time-consuming and costly.

Making cross-comparisons between the few studies that have been done can be difficult because studies have used varying doses, often as high as 1 g [ 57 , 58 ]. It should be noted that this would be considered a high dose only because it is higher than what most people could obtain from consuming the spice itself [ 49 ]. The treatment was mg powder per day containing 80 mg curcumin.

Blood and saliva were taken before and after the four weeks. There was a significant increase in nitrous oxide NO and in soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM , a molecule linked to atherosclerosis.

Inflammation-related neutrophil function increased, as measured by myeloperoxidase concentration, but c-reactive protein and ceruloplasmin did not. There was a decrease in salivary amylase activity, which can be a marker of stress, and an increase in salivary radical scavenging capacities and plasma antioxidant enzyme catalase, but not in super oxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase.

In addition, there was a decrease in beta amyloid plaque, a marker of brain aging, and in plasma alanine amino transferase activities, a marker of liver injury. This indicates that a relatively low dose of curcumin can provide health benefits for people that do not have diagnosed health conditions [ 51 ]. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, the acute 1 and 3 h after a single dose , chronic four weeks , and acute-on-chronic 1 and 3 h after single dose following chronic treatment effects of solid lipid curcumin formulation on cognitive function, mood, and blood biomarkers in 60 healthy adults aged 60—85 years were examined.

The curcumin formulation was mg, approximately 80 mg curcumin in a solid lipid formulation with the remaining weight comprised of commonly used pharmaceutical excipients and small amounts of other curcuminoids present in turmeric extract. One hour after administration, curcumin significantly improved performance on sustained attention and working memory tasks, compared with the placebo. Working memory and mood general fatigue and change in state calmness, contentedness, and fatigue induced by psychological stress were significantly better following chronic treatment.

A significant acute-on-chronic treatment effect on alertness and contentedness was also observed. Curcumin was associated with significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol [ 59 ].

Another study examined whether supplementation with curcumin and Boswellia serrata BSE gum resin for three months could affect plasma levels of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glycation in 47 male healthy master cyclists. All subjects were instructed to follow a Mediterranean diet with 22 subjects receiving a placebo and 25 receiving 50 mg of turmeric, corresponding to 10 mg of curcumin, as well as mg of Boswellia extract, corresponding to mg of Boswellia acid for 12 weeks.

There was a positive effect observed on glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation in healthy male master athletes [ 60 ]. This study indicates the potential for combining curcumin with other agents to achieve health benefits. Perhaps another challenge to interpreting studies on healthy people is determining the definition of healthy, especially when considering that people who do not have an official diagnosis may still participate in activities or experience situations whereby they challenge their daily physiological homeostasis.

For example, an exercise routine that one is not used to can cause inflammation, oxidative challenges, and resulting soreness. No significant differences in IL-6, IL, or quadriceps muscle soreness between conditions were observed. The findings demonstrated that the consumption of curcumin reduced biological inflammation, but not subjective quadriceps muscle soreness during recovery from exercise.

This may help to decrease recovery time, thus improving performance during subsequent exercise sessions [ 61 ].

In a similar randomized placebo-controlled single-blind pilot trial, 20 male healthy, moderately active volunteers were randomized to receive either 1 g curcumin twice daily mg curcumin twice a day or a placebo 48 h prior to and 24 h after a downhill running test. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine. View 2 excerpts, references methods. Highly Influential. View 7 excerpts, references background. The efficacy of Curcuma Longa L.

Clinical Drug Investigation. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic. The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on clinical outcomes, synovial fluid cytokine concentration and signal transduction pathways in knee osteoarthritis.

A randomized open label trial. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. Journal of Korean medical science. View 1 excerpt, references background. Before analysis, 10 the capillary was washed with 0. New capillaries were washed with 2 M sodium hydroxide, Plant material water and running buffer before use. Four turmeric samples C. Injections were made using 20 were provided from Dr. Kruse Freeze Dry Food, the hydrodynamic mode for 1—5 s at 0. Detection D Greven, Germany. TE Sample preparation Reagents and materials Qualitative assay.

A sample of ca. The total time required pure quality; water was of HPLC grade. Plant material The sample solvent. UN dered Curcumae longae rhizoma 2. This solution was The total separated bands with decreasing Rf values from 1 to 3 amount of curcuminoids was calculated in terms of 1 and elution of the components from the silica gel with according to the monograph Curcumae xanthorrhizae acetone. Elution with methanol yielded the pure compounds 1 17 mg , 2 9 mg and 3 17 mg.

The stock solution photodiode array detector PAD , Millennium32 soft- of the internal standard contained The calibration factors a, for analysis Muijselaar et al. However, in prelimi- obtained using the equation nary experiments with different electrolytes e.

F cient separation was not achieved. Hence it was decided to O standard I. Under basic 10 O proof of linearity was restricted to the commercially pH conditions, the phenolic groups of 1—3 are dissoci- available compound 1. Increasing amounts of 1 in the ated.